What process occurs when two populations can no longer interbreed after long separation?

• A. Succession
• B. Dispersion
• C. Speciation
• D. Mutation

Answer: (C)

Speciation is the process that occurs when two populations become genetically distinct to the point where they can no longer interbreed, often following long-term separation. This separation can be due to various factors, including geographic barriers (like mountains or rivers), ecological niches, or behavioral differences that lead to reproductive isolation. Over time, the populations may undergo evolutionary changes due to natural selection, genetic drift, or mutation, resulting in significant differences in their traits and reproductive mechanisms.

As these differences accumulate, even if the two populations come into contact again, they may no longer be able to mate successfully and produce viable offspring. This inability to interbreed is a key factor in defining speciation and can lead to the emergence of new species over time.